Animal Testing is Vital to Medical Advances Essay

Research is responsible for virtually all the medical breakthroughs there have been- there are medicines and vaccines and cures and treatments and more life saving benefits being developed today- but an important factor to the development of medical advances is the inclusion of animals in research. Virtually almost everyone alive has benefited from the medical advances made feasible through animal testing. According to my aunt Blanca, who is a mother of a child who was diagnosed with severe epilepsy says, â€Å"We should be thankful and supportive of animal testing† (Perez). When I questioned her whether she believed testing animals was cruel she said, â€Å"Nobody wishes for animals to be used in this form, and I believe animals should be used only†¦show more content†¦We would not have a rabies vaccine, we would not have a smallpox vaccine, we would not have leprosy treatments, we would not have insulin .For example from 1796 to 2002 there have been advances such a s the discovery of immunity mechanisms, the development of a Tetanus vaccine, and the development of an anthrax vaccine (Medical Advances through Animal Research). Year Medical Advancement Animal credited 1796 Smallpox vaccine developed Cow 1881 Anthrax vaccine developed Sheep 1885 Rabies vaccine developed Dog, Rabbit 1902 Lifecyle of Malaria discovered Pigeon 1919 Immunity mechanisms discovered Rabbit, Horse, Guinea Pig 1921 Insulin discovered Dog, Fish 1932 Neuron function discovered Cat, Dog 1933 Tetanus vaccine developed Horse 1939 Anticoagulants developed Cat 1954 Polio vaccine developed Mouse, Monkey 1956 Open-heart surgery pacemakers developed Dog 1964 Cholesterol regulation discovered Rat 1973 Social behavioral patterns in animals discovered Fish, Bee, Bird 1982 Leprosy treatment developed Armadillo 1990 Organ transplant techniques advanced Dog, Pig, Sheep, Cow 1997 Prions discovered characterized Hamster, Mouse 2000 Brain signal transduction discovered Sea Slug, Mouse, Rat 2002 Cell death mechanism discovered Worm (Fig.1. Medical Advances Through AnimalShow MoreRelatedThe Pros And Cons Of Animal Testing1725 Words   |  7 PagesEach year, more than 100 million animals are experimented on in U.S. laboratories. These experiments are for things such as biology lessons, medical training, curiosity-driven experimentation, and chemical, drug, food, and cosmetics testing.(Procon writers) Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, is the use of non-human animals in experiments that seek to control the variables that affect the behavior or biological system under study. Animal testing is controversial and people findRead MoreAnimal Testing Is Morally Wrong?878 Words   |  4 Pageslot of different types of animals suffer through painful and unnecessary tests. An animal being used for scientific experiments is wrong because it is inhumane, expensive, and unpredictable. Animals in laboratories live lives of loss, pain, loneliness, and torture. Various studies have shown that animal experimentation often does not even help humans. Some even lead to harmful human reactions to the drugs being tested on animals. Yet we continue to use animal testing while other courses of actionRead MoreImportance of Animal Testing804 Words   |  4 PagesThe use of animals in scientific research has made dramatic improvements in our understanding of the human race. Despite the controversies that surround this issue, without this process of testing it is certain that much of what is known today towards the quality and quantity of life would remain closed off to us. Over the years, scientists have gained the ability to solve medical problems, cure diseases, and develop vaccines all with the use of animals during scientific research. To believe thatRead MoreThe Benefits of Animal Testing to the Field of Medicine1097 Words   |  4 Pages Benefits of animal testing in the field of medicine The medication you are taking was tested on animals. 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It may seem to be disturbed to some people, but it helped medical researchers to figure out and create new medicines to cure the illnesses that have not a cure yet. How could animals help us with the experiment? If we cannot use animals, then what or who could replace them? Should we use humans for experimentsRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned Essay1707 Words   |  7 Pagespossibly the lives that were spent doing so. Those lives being the ones of animals tested in pharmaceutical settings to assure the safety of the product you just swallowed. It is difficult to justify the use of animals in this way, but when put simply we make the choice between putting human life, or the life of an animal on the line. While businesses have searched for other methods of testing, there is no more accurate way of testing toxicology than through a live host. Despite it not being the most idealRead MorePre-clin ical testing is performed to Good laboratory practice (GLP) and covers pivotal toxicology 1000 Words   |  4 PagesPre-clinical testing is performed to Good laboratory practice (GLP) and covers pivotal toxicology safety pharmacology studies. In preclinical research, scientists test their ideas for new biomedical prevention strategies in laboratory experiments or in animals. â€Å"Pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) can be seen as two sides of the same coin. PK and PD have a definite relationship, assessing how much drug gets to the site of action and then what that action is. Both activities are essential

God Breathed And Is Useful For Teaching, Rebuking,...

16 All Scripture is God-breathed and is useful for teaching, rebuking, correcting and training in righteousness, (2 Timothy 3:16) It s amazing how similar, and yet how different a couple can be. take my parents for instance. Both of them enjoyed cooking, but they went about it in completely different ways. My mother is the, by-the-book recipe follower. She may deviate if, over time she has found she had to make some adjustments in seasoning, but by and large she is going to be exact, and do what the recipe calls for. My Dad was more the seat of the pants type. If my mother was the classical music type in cooking, my Dad was the improvisational jazz type. I don t think he ever followed a recipe in his entire life. He would go to the kitchen, begin looking at what we had and create something. You never knew what you were going to get but it was usually pretty good. Two different approaches, but they came up with the same results. They were able to do this because, while they may have had a different way to go about it, they both still had to follow the rules of , the physics of cooking. They both knew if you wanted something to taste good, and to be consistent you had to have the same ingredients. Every time. Leaving out an ingredient could prove disastrous,and could be the difference between a delicious meal and a disaster. Take for instance the time in a mandatory high school home ec class I forgot to add baking powder to a chocolate cakeShow MoreRelatedThe Bible Is An Important Aspect Of Our Christian Lives844 Words   |  4 PagesChristian lives. The Bible is the flawless and inerrant word of God. He spoke through the chosen authors the words of the Bible. Through the Scriptures, God reveals his character and revelation. The Bible has authority since it is ultimately from God. The Bible is the inerrant and inspired word of God that holds authority. 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His whole bases for the counseling process is from 2 Timothy 3:16 which states that all scripture is God s revealed truth and is perfect for teaching, correction, and training in righteousness. Jay Adams (1986) book How to Help People Change, can be considered a controversial book depending how on e perceives it. Throughout the book, it appears as if AdamsRead MoreReflection Paper - Virgin Birth, Jesus Claim God, Bible Authority1136 Words   |  5 PagesI. Introduction This paper is going to explore facets of three fundamental truths of Christianity. I hope to answer the questions, â€Å"Does the Bible have authority?†, â€Å"Did Jesus claim to be God?†, and â€Å"Did Jesus need to be born of a virgin?†. These three questions can be summarized with the question, â€Å"Is God reliable in what he has said about Himself, and if we can t take His Word for it, then what?† II. Section One The question of the authority of the Bible rests on the issue of the authorityRead MoreThe Bible Is The Account Of God s Action864 Words   |  4 Pagesthat we can better understand the way God intends for us to live and further His kingdom. â€Å"All Scripture is God-breathed and is useful for teaching, rebuking, correcting and training in righteousness† (2 Timothy 3:16). I believe these words were given to us for a reason and have so many lessons pertaining to each scripture. Understanding what is written can often be tricky, so it is essential to spend time in devotion, interpreting scriptures, and seeking God to reveal more meaning behind them. TwoRead MoreIs Creationism Correct Or Is Theory Correct?929 Words   |  4 Pagesthis fact. Creationism states that all things are created by God. Where we find this information is from The Holy Bible. Although, the Bible does not ever appear to be a scientific textbook, it does declare itself to be the one true answer in every thing. 2 Timothy 3:16 states that â€Å"All Scripture is God breathed and is useful for teaching, rebuking, correcting and training in righteousness.†, meaning that all scripture is written by God and his Holy Spirit. He spoke to men and women over a periodRead MoreEnuma Elish Vs Genesis1352 Words   |  6 Pagesrepresent the forces of disorder. The creation of man comes after Ea and Marduk triumphantly overthrowing the gods of chaos in the poem. On the other hand, the primeval history found in Genesis considers God as the supreme being, maker of all found in the universe. Genesis accounts for the creation of light, living creatures both on the land and in the sea, and the formation of the Earth. God makes a man on the sixth day and rests on the seventh day. Both accounts of creation have undeniable similarities;

Functionalist view of suicide free essay sample

Suicide is the intentional taking of ones own life and sociologists over the years have tried to put forward various explanations for why someone may do this. Within sociology there are many different views on suicide on the causes and explanations for it, these come from two main methodologies which are Positivists who believe that sociology is a science and they should aim to make causal laws on suicide rates, compared to Interpretivists who believe that they should look for meaning behind occurrences and certain individuals experiences before the suicide. Other perspectives also put in their views on what they believe to explain suicide for example, Realists. Item A references to Durkheim’s Structural Functionalist view on suicide, as stated Durkheim believes that due to sociology being a science with the topic of suicide it is very easy to make causal laws or as said in Item A ‘social facts’. Using quantitative data from official statistics, Durkheim analysed the suicide rates for various European countries and noted four regular patterns. The suicide rate for any given society remained more or less constant over time. When the rates of suicide did change, they coincided with other changes for example; they fell during war times but rose during economic depression or prosperity. Different societies had different suicide rates. Within a society, the rates varied constantly between social groups for example; Catholics had lower rates that Protestants. He identified the two social facts that determined suicide as social integration; the extent to which an individual feels a sense of belonging to a group and obligation to its members and moral integration; the extent to which an individual’s actions and desires are kept in check by society’s norms and values. Therefore, Durkheim concluded that these patterns were evidence that suicide rates couldn’t simply be the result of the motives of individuals. Due to the fact Durkheim believed that there were a number of causes behind suicide he form four types of suicide from a Positivist viewpoint. Egoistic suicide which is when individuals are not integrated well enough into society for example people who live alone compared to those who live with family. Secondly Altruistic suicide which is when individuals are felt to be too integrated into society causing suicide, for example members of the armed forces were said to have greater suicide rates than civilian personnel as they were too strongly integrated into a united body. Durkheim also put forward the idea of Anomic suicide, this is when the norms and values in society become unclear or confused in times of great social change and an individual is not taught to adapt to changes well enough. For example an unexpected death of a family member is sudden social change which can cause Anomic suicide. Lastly, he suggested Fatalistic suicide. Fatalism is the excessive amount of regulation which leads to one committing suicide. The interpretivist approach directly contrasts the positivist one and seeks to focus on the meanings of suicide for those involved. Douglas criticises Durkheims use of official statistics as they are not accurate and recommends qualitative studies to discover the real rate of suicide. The statistics are a result of a coroners label and thus it is not trustworthy in his view. This suggested that cases are decided on the basis of probability†. Douglas further seeks to find out the meaning of the suicide and criticises Durkheim for implying that the meaning is fixed. His view can be criticised as there is no reason to believe that a sociologist would be better at interpreting a dead persons meanings than a sociologist. Douglas is inconsistent at times, suggesting that sometimes official statistics area product of the coroner’s opinions and other times we can really discover the causes of suicide. This further implicates that question that revolves around a death that was it a suicide in the first place? There is no further information to go on other than the coroners. However, the medical knowledge was limited in the 19th century and autopsies were rare. Similarly, most countries lacked the sophisticated modern administrative system needed to collect and complete reliable statistics on a national basis. As a result, because the study lacked reliability, it becomes difficult to conclude that suicide is caused by social facts as Durkheim had suggested. Douglas also criticises Durkheim for aiming to categorize suicide in terms of their social causes. He argues that death should be classified according to its actual meaning and to do this, qualitative methods should be used to analyse the possible causes of death. That way, we can build up a classification of suicide meanings. As Douglas takes the interpretivist approach, the interpretivist explanations of suicide aim to study suicide in a non-scientific manner unlike the positivist explanations. They reject using statistics to look at why people commit suicide and prefer to try and understand the meanings behind why they would commit suicide which they believe isn’t coherent through statistics. According to Douglas, the decision to classify death as a suicide is taken by a coroner, and so the coroner’s verdict is based on interpretation. Nevertheless, the coroner’s decision could be subjective so therefore we cannot exactly argue that the coroner’s decision is fully accurate. He suggested that there are different types of suicide based on the meaning and reason for the death. For example, in some societies, Eskimos were expected to kill themselves in times of food shortages. Atkinson (1978) takes a different approach as he rejects the idea of coroners being able to objectively classify suicides because the facts are social constructions therefore criticizing the interpretivists approach. Although he accepts Douglas’ point that official statistics simply reflect the constructs or labels coroners give to deaths, he rejects the view that we cannot get behind these statistics and uncover the real rates or meaning of suicide. All we can study is how people make sense of their world which means studying how the living comes to classify a death as a suicide. He focuses on how coroners classify death and suggests that qualitative methods such as informal interviews and observations might be used. He states that there are four factors that affect a coroner’s decision to classify death as a suicide which are; the presence of a suicide note, the location and the circumstances, evidence of illnesses such as depression and some types of death such as hanging. Coroners regard information such as this as clues to whether the deceased took their own life or not. Nevertheless, Atkinson has also been criticised for just looking at how deaths are categorized. This is because he demonstrates how coroners just use their own interpretation to decide whether a death was a suicide. For example the use of a note is interpreted as a sign of suicide. As a result, it becomes to accept this explanation as all the coroners have is interpretations of the social world not the objective truth. Taylor (1980s) uses a different approach from the positivists and the interpretivists. He takes the realist approach to suicide which rejects the idea of a clear cut between a ‘genuine’ suicide and a ‘fake’ suicide. He states that most suicides fall in between and calls them ‘para-suicides’. Taylor argues that suicide statistics cannot be taken as valid. For example, in a study of 32 people hit by a train, half of the people were classed as suicide even though there was no conclusive evidence of suicidal intent. He found out that coroners saw factors such as history of mental illness as suicidal intents and this increased the likelihood of a suicide verdict. On the other hand, like positivists, Taylor believes we can explain suicide. He believes the real patterns and causes of suicide can be discovered although he does not base his explanations on statistics like the positivists. The realist approach aims to reveal underlying structures and causes which although are not are not directly observable, can still explain the observable evidence. Most theories focus on acts where the individual was intent on dying and that resulted in death. However, Taylor states that not all who attempt suicide are sure their actions will kill them. Nonetheless, Taylor’s theory is based on interpretations of the actor’s meanings and we do not know if they are correct especially in the cases of those suicides that are successful. Also, individual cases of suicides may involve a combination of motives and may be difficult to categorise. His theory however, is original and quite useful in explaining some observed patterns of suicide such as why attempts differ; both failed and successful attempts of suicide.

VARK Analysis free essay sample

). A multimodal learning style is defined as multiple preferences of learning. The majority of people who have multiple preferences of learning style typically have two styles that are stronger than the other types. Read/Write and aural were identified as the stronger types of learning styles for patient M. Visual and kinesthetic were close behind, which meant this patient uses all four learning styles (Fleming, 2011). â€Å"Read/Write Learning Style Individuals with this preference prefer output; i. e. reading and writing in all its forms. Internet, lists, dictionaries, thesauri, and words† (Cherry, n. d. ). â€Å"Auditory Learning Style individuals learn best through verbal lessons, discussions, talking things through, and listening to what others have to say. Auditory learners interpret the underlying meanings of speech through listening to the voice tone, pitch, and speed. These learners often benefit from reading the text and notes out loud and/or listening to recorded notes and information from texts† (Cherry, n. We will write a custom essay sample on VARK Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page d. ). â€Å"Kinesthetic learners learn best through a hands learning preference to sit still for long periods. Kinesthetic learners can become distracted by their need for movement and activity† (Cherry, n. d. ). Visual Learning Style individuals need to see the teacher’s body language and facial expression to be able to fully understand the lesson content. â€Å"These individuals generally prefer to sit at the front of the classroom. They think in pictures and may learn best from visual displays including: diagrams, illustrated textbooks, overhead transparencies, whiteboards, handouts and videos† (Cherry, n. d. ). During a lesson or classroom lecture, visual learners often prefer to take very detailed notes. (Cherry, n. d. ). Preferred Learning Strategies The identified learning strategies in the VARK analysis were slightly higher for aural on the report than visual. Patient M states that her preferred method of learning is multimodal, however she stated her top two methods of learning styles are Read/Write and Visual. She feels she learns best by reading written material/instructions. Comparison of preferred learning strategies and identified learning strategies After learning about the details of auditory learners, Patient M agrees that the analysis is more accurate about her preferred learning style. Patient M states that these strategies are how she learns best. Auditory Learning strategies include: ?Working in groups or â€Å"with a study partner; i. e. discussions: listening, talking† (Cherry, n. d. ). ?Reviewing assignments â€Å"and text reading before class† (Fleming, 2011) ? Taking notes and text out loud (Fleming, 2011). ?Reciting â€Å"information that is important to remember† (Fleming, 2011). ?Recording â€Å"notes, key information, and lectures; listen to recordings regularly† (Cherry, n. d. ). ?Using books-on-tape (Fleming, 2011). ?Discussing â€Å"questions/problems in a group or with a study-buddy† (Fleming, 2011). ?†Thinking through a process or sequence of steps: write out, then read out loud† (Fleming, 2011). Visual learning strategies include: (UMass Dartmouth Webpage Publication, 2014). ? Highlighting important points in text; key words. ?Creating flashcards for key information; be concise. ?Convering notes and translate words into symbols, diagrams, and/or pictures. ?Creating visual reminders of information. ?Practicing turning visuals back into words. ?Color-coding, underline, and/or highlight information. ?Getting creative with charts, diagrams, mindmaps. Read/Write learning strategies include: (UMass Dartmouth Webpage Publication, 2014) ? Rewriting notes. ?Reading/reviewing notes every day. ?Rewriting ideas and principles into other words. ?Organizing diagrams/graphs into statements. ?Writing exam answers. ? Practicing with multiple choice questions. ?Writing paragraphs, beginnings and endings. ?Writing lists (a,b,c,1,2,3,4) Kinesthetic learning strategies include: (UMass Dartmouth Webpage Publication, 2014) ? Skimming through reading material. ?Moving around as you read aloud or. ?Recording notes and listening to them. ?Taking frequent study breaks. ?Listening to music while studying. ?Sitting in the front of the classroom. ?Staying actively engaged in class. ?Creating hands-on learning when possible. Patient M agrees that auditory and read/write learning strategies are her strongest styles of learning, versus read/write and visual strategies as she had thought. How awareness of individual learning styles, preferences and strategies influence teaching and learning. The VARK Learning Style Questionnaire developed by Fleming and Mills (1992) helped to promote student awareness of their preferred individual learning styles and help adapt teaching methods to all learning styles (Sinclaire, 2012, p81). Awareness of individual styles helps influence the nurse who is teaching to understand that not everyone learns in the same way (Fleming, 2011). Therefore your teaching strategies need to change to match your patient’s learning styles. This is why it is important to do an assessment on each individual patient as soon as possible, so their learning style preferences can be identified. Understanding the different strategies of each learning style will enable a nurse to use those methods to educate his/her patients. Awareness of individual learning styles as a learner helps to identify the ways in which that individual can better learn. Once the learner has identified his or her strongest learning styles, he/she can use the strategies listed to help them make learning easier (Fleming, 2011). A common problem is people tend to teach in the way in which they learn best. We must become better at identifying individual styles of learning of our patient’s to become more efficient at educating them (Fleming, 2011). Vark Analysis free essay sample Questionnaire is a great tool to use when deciding what one’s best learning strategy is. There is no wrong way to learn, only what works best. This paper will focus on multimodal study strategies and how other learning strategies compare. Summary of Multimodal Learning There are many different study strategies out there. According to VARK, the main study strategies include: Aural, Kinesthetic, Visual, Read/Write and Multimodal. In this case, multimodal will refer to using both visual and read/write study strategies. If one has many different ways they like to study they fit in to the multimodal category. â€Å"Approximately 60% of any population fits (this) category† (Fleming, 2001). Multimodal simply means that one utilizes more than one study strategy in order to learn certain subjects and/or material. Preferred Learning Strategies Visual learners prefer pictures, diagrams, graphs, flow charts, etc. For example, Jason wanted to score well on his exam. He used pictures and graphs he learned about in class, re-drew them repeatedly how he saw them, and chose the correct answer on the exam. We will write a custom essay sample on Vark Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Neil Fleming, the author of VARK Questionnaire, stated that one is â€Å"often swayed by the way something looks†¦and is interested in color and layout and design and you know where you are in your environment† (Fleming, 2001). For example, note cards used would be color-coded. Read/write study strategies focus on lists and words. Jason and others that think this way believe that â€Å"meanings are within the words† (Fleming, 2001). Jason, in this case, would utilize handouts, dictionaries, textbooks, and notes for studying. After reading these things through, Jason would then convert them into a way that was easy for him to understand. Diagrams, charts, and graphs would be turned into words and the meaning of the text would become much easier to understand. These words would then be written down on note cards to make for an easier and more efficient way of studying. With the combined visual and read/write study strategies, more of a secure feeling of knowledge is felt. In other words, the more ways he/she studies something; the more he/she will really learn it. Each student in a classroom has a unique and complex system of thinking and learning† (Lutz, 2011). Although multimodal studying works for Jason, it may not work for others. This is why there are several study strategies out there in order to cater to each unique individual. Comparison of Learning Strategies Two other study strategies that might help are Aural and Kinesthetic. â€Å"An aural learner soaks up information the easiest when it is presented in an auditory way. Speaking, listening and music all come naturally to the aural learner† (Priddy, 1999). In other words, he/she learns best by listening. He/she might tape class lectures, get together with a group to talk about certain subjects, or read their notes out loud when studying for an exam. Kinesthetic learners â€Å"learn best when they discover things by doing them† (CLARE, 2010). If he/she is a kinesthetic learner, it might be hard to sit still in class and he/she will rarely take notes. He/she learns best by being active, physically. If he/she were this type of learner, it would help to make flash cards, and study for short periods over time. It is best to ask for help in class by way of examples. The more examples there are, the better. When comparing Jason’s preferred multimodal method of learning with the other above mentioned study strategies, multimodal works best for him. This is because he is able to combine more than one study strategy in order to achieve success in the learning environment. With multimodal referring to both visual and read/write study strategies in this case; VARK is spot on when detailing what works best for these learners. Visual, Aural, and Kinesthetic study strategies my be useful but will not give Jason the results that his multimodal study strategies do. Study Habits Emphasis with these study strategies would be on utilizing highlighters, symbols, pictures and re-writing/re-reading notes over and over again (Fleming, 2001). However, one thing that Jason might want to include would be to imagine notes he made as multiple-choice questions in order to test himself on the info that has been collected. This is done in order to make sure that he is on the right track with his information. When in doubt always ask questions! Conclusion In conclusion, The VARK Questionnaire is indeed the best way to find out what one’s best learning strategy is. Not everyone learns the same way and it is because of that these learning strategies are out there. Multimodal studying works best for Jason but may not be the best choice for others. Find out what is, mold it in to a specialized, individual study plan, and stick with it. There is no wrong way to learn, only what works best. References CLARE. (2010, December 13). The study gurus: study advice for kinesthetic learners. Retrieved from http://www. thestudygurus. com/kinesthetic-study-tips/ Fleming, N. (2001). Vark: A guide to learning styles. Retrieved from http://www. vark-learn. com/english/page. asp? p=helpsheets Lutz, D. (2011, September 09). Learning strategies. Retrieved from http://www. seenmagazine. us/articles/article-detail/articleid/1663/multi-modal-learning-strategies-for-all-students. aspx Priddy, B. (1999). ehow: Aural learning style. Retrieved from http://www. ehow. com/about_5472528_aural-learning-style. html

What is welfare According to recent polls, most A Essay Example For Students

What is welfare? According to recent polls, most A Essay mericans consider this nations welfare system a failure and a disgrace (LeVert 10). Most people use the word welfare to mean income support or public assistance programs designed to help people who are already poor. Although it is geared to poverty-stricken people, families, and children, most people have benefited from government aid or assistance programs, in other words, welfare. Poverty in America is a disease for which there is plenty of treatment, but no known cure. In the essay, On Dumpster Diving, Lars Eighner describes what life is like scavenging for food, and living on the street. In order to survive he had to dumpster dive. Eighner describes this as scrounging dumpsters for his basic needs, food and clothing (19). Whatever he eats, drinks, or wears come from dumpsters. The unfortunate circumstances that led to his situation occur to millions of people throughout the country. The growing problem of homelessness is worsened by the welfare programs that offer subsistence rather than opportunities, or incentives (Long 23). Federal expenditures for public and private low-cost housing have been cut from $30 billion, in 1981, to $7 billion in 1987, and only about 4 million of 10 million eligible households receive federal rental assistance of any kind (Long 29). We will write a custom essay on What is welfare? According to recent polls, most A specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In the essay, A Nation of Welfare Families, Stephanie Coontz discusses her belief that all families in American history have depended on the legislative, judicial, and social structures set up by the government (Coontz 994). The suburban family of the 1950s was far more dependent on government assistance than any so-called underclass family of today (Coontz 995). Federal GI benefit payments, available to forty percent of the male population between the ages twenty and thirty-four, permitted a whole generation of men to expand their education and improve their job with The National Defense Education Act (Coontz 996). Government spending was largely responsible for the new highways, sewer systems, utility services, and traffic control programs that expanded the suburbs. In the postwar period, the Federal Housing Authority, supplemented by the GI Bill, put the federal government in the business of regulating loans for single home construction. FHA policy required a down payment of only five to ten percent of the purchase price and guaranteed mortgages of up to thirty years at interest rates of just two to three percent (Coontz 995). The current welfare system tries to help the poor in the form of in-kind benefits, not cash assistance. These programs aim to improve the quality of life of those without enough money for food, shelter, medical care, or education. Such programs include food subsides such as the Food Stamp Program, the School Lunch Program, and the Women and Child Nutrition Program; medical insurance or Medicaid; housing subsides, which provide public housing or vouchers toward rental assistance; and Low-Income Home Energy Assistance, which helps needy families pay their energy costs (LeVert 40). Although there is a great amount of welfare given to the poor most people benefit in some way from our system of social welfare. The retired person who collects Social Security checks, the low-income family who receive Food Stamps, the college student who is gr anted a low-interest federal student loan, and the worker who collects unemployment after losing their job are all beneficiaries of the system of welfare. Composed of more than two hundred federal and state programs, the welfare system is a complex patchwork of social insurance, means-tested programs, and includes cash assistance and non-cash, or in-kind benefits (LeVert 36). In 1992, total expenditures for all of these programs amounted to about $700 billion with more than two-thirds of this money spent on only three programs: Social Security, Medicaid, and Unemployment Insurance (LeVert 39). Almost everyone in this country will benefit presently, or in the future from these three programs. Social Security provides cash assistance to retired citizens who are sixty-two years of age or older, survivors of deceased workers, and those forced to retire because of disability. In 1991, the federal government allowed an individual to receive a maximum of $1022 a month, and the average Soci al Security pension for a worker who retired at age sixty-five, however, amounted to about $602 a month (LeVert 47). When one retires he or she will receive social security, as financial assistance paid for by the government, or in other words, welfare. .ube6214bd57edf3c511932bb039bafaf9 , .ube6214bd57edf3c511932bb039bafaf9 .postImageUrl , .ube6214bd57edf3c511932bb039bafaf9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ube6214bd57edf3c511932bb039bafaf9 , .ube6214bd57edf3c511932bb039bafaf9:hover , .ube6214bd57edf3c511932bb039bafaf9:visited , .ube6214bd57edf3c511932bb039bafaf9:active { border:0!important; } .ube6214bd57edf3c511932bb039bafaf9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ube6214bd57edf3c511932bb039bafaf9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ube6214bd57edf3c511932bb039bafaf9:active , .ube6214bd57edf3c511932bb039bafaf9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ube6214bd57edf3c511932bb039bafaf9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ube6214bd57edf3c511932bb039bafaf9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ube6214bd57edf3c511932bb039bafaf9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ube6214bd57edf3c511932bb039bafaf9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ube6214bd57edf3c511932bb039bafaf9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ube6214bd57edf3c511932bb039bafaf9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ube6214bd57edf3c511932bb039bafaf9 .ube6214bd57edf3c511932bb039bafaf9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ube6214bd57edf3c511932bb039bafaf9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Ethnographic Interview EssayMedicare provides limited medical coverage to elderly citizens. Beneficiaries commonly contribute to the cost of insurance, and because the services it provides are limited, many people must purchase additional medical insurance. This program accounts for about 22 percent of all social insurance costs. Unemployment insurance is available to workers who are involuntarily unemployed. Benefits are based on a percentage of past earnings and are funded through employers payroll tax. Although the maximum duration of benefits for an unemployed person is usually twenty-six weeks, a state may extend this coverage if its unemployment rate exceeds a certai n percentage. The amount a worker may collect depends on the salary earned, but a maximum weekly amount is fixed by each state. These maximums range from about $100 to $300 a week, and in 1992, a total of $37 billion was spent in funding this program (Maloney 11). In conclusion, whether in the past, present or future one will be the beneficiary of government aid. People receive federal assistance from the government but are reluctant to refer to it as welfare because of the stigma surrounding this controversial topic. Welfare is not just for the poor, in fact, even the wealth benefit from federal aid in some ways. Whatever reforms re made to our welfare system one thing is certain, they will need to be reexamined regularly because the effect everyone living in this countryWorks CitedCoontz, Stephanie. A Nation of Welfare Families. The Norton Reader. Ed. Linda H. Peterson et al. 9th ed. New York, 1996. 993-997. Eighner, Lars. On Dumpster Diving. The Norton Reader. Ed. Linda H. Peterson et al. 9th ed. New York,1996. 19-29. LeVert, Marianne. The Welfare System. New York: The Millbrook Press, 1995. Long, Robert Emmet. The Welfare Debate. New York: The H.W. Wilson Company, 1989. Maloney, Lawrence. Welfare in America: Is it a Flop? U.S. News World Report. Dec. 1984: 10+.

Perspectives Of Homelessness And The Policy Responses Social Work Essay Essays

Perspectives Of Homelessness And The Policy Responses Social Work Essay Essays Perspectives Of Homelessness And The Policy Responses Social Work Essay Essay Perspectives Of Homelessness And The Policy Responses Social Work Essay Essay Essay Topic: Claim of Policy In this essay, the societal jobs I have chosen to compose approximately is Homelessness. I will besides be researching different position of Homelessness and the policy responses and the impact it have on the society. The groups I will concentrate my treatment on are immature people and unsmooth slumberers as the grounds indicates that immature stateless people experience unsmooth sleeping before procuring impermanent adjustment. There are broad scopes of definition Homelessness and it varies from state to state or among different establishments in the same state. Harmonizing to |Liddiard, M ( 2001:119 ) the immediate sense of the term as regularly employed by the mass media and politicians, simplistically equates homelessness with rooflessness or literally kiping rough on the street. This is can be a straightforward and easy to understand definition but this does non reflect the true range of the job so a broader definition of homeless peoples include those deficient lasting abode and life in a scope of unsatisfactory lodging conditions. They can include those populating in impermanent inns, bed and breakfast, dark shelters and homesteaders. However, the legal definition of person homeless is if they do non hold a legal right to busy adjustment or if their adjustment is unsuitable to populate in. They besides include households and peoples who do non kip rough and some are accommodated by friends and househo ld on impermanent footing. So from the above definition the societal building of homelessness are non the little sums of single that sleep on the street, looking dirty and odors of intoxicant and drugs but comprises of all person who do non hold a lasting nice topographic point of adjustment or without a regular home and are on a waiting list or takes lodging benefit and in impermanent adjustments. ( Giddens 2007 ) The cause of homelessness varies as many are of the position that homelessness is a consequence of personal weaknesss and see if the economic system is traveling on good, there is no alibi to be stateless. Shelter ( 2007 ) is of the position that homelessness is cause by a complex interplay between a individual A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s single fortunes and inauspicious structural factors outside their direct control. Among the single factors include societal exclusion, therefore when a individual deficiency of making because they did non hold entree to good instruction and nice occupation. Ones abuse of drugs and intoxicant which consequence in deficiency of personal control, deficiency of societal support and debts particularly mortgage or rent arrears. Having mental wellness jobs and acquiring involved in offense at an early age besides contribute to homelessness. Family dislocation and unsolved differences are a major factor of homelessness as a consequence of divorce and separat ion and a greater figure of work forces and adult females are affected. Peoples from institutional background like holding been in attention, the armed forces are likely to be affected. Ex-offenders who come out of prison and lose their friend and households can go stateless and the bulk from cultural minority or ex-asylum searchers who have the right to remain but have no adjustment. Structural causes of homelessness are largely societal and economical in nature frequently outside the control of single or household concerned. These may include poorness, deficiency of low-cost lodging, unemployment and the construction and disposal of lodging benefit. Harmonizing to the shelter ( 2007 ) the figure of families found to be homeless by local governments increased 31percent between 1997/98 and 2003/2004. Historically, homelessness had low promotion until the 1966 when the BBC screened Ken Loach A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s movie about homelessness Cathy Come Home. This was watch by 12million people and the movie alerted the populace, the media and the authorities to the graduated table of the lodging crises and so Shelter was formed. Another policy response was the 1977 Housing ( Homeless Persons ) Acts was the first step to topographic point duties on local governments to rehouse stateless households and persons for good. ( Liddiard, M.2001 ) The 1977 statute law had Priority Need which included adult females with kids or pregnant, vulnerable due to age, mental unwellness, disablement, and loss of place by natural catastrophes. This did non provide for everyone who was homeless and the standards by which local governments accepted pers on as homeless was complex and restricted. Hence the 1996 subdivision 177 amended to include domestic force as a precedence demand but rigorous eligibility remains ( Hill, M: 2000 ) . Young people were non covered under the bing statute law and the figure of immature homeless increased. Existing informations on young person homelessness has important restriction ; in peculiar it is merely possible to number immature people who are in contact with services. Harmonizing to ONS ( 2007 ) it can be estimated that at least 75,000 immature people experienced homelessness in the UK in 2006-07. This included 43,075 aged 16-24 of which 8,337 were 16 -17 twelvemonth old who were accepted as statutorily homeless in the UK and at least 31,000 non-statutorily homeless immature people utilizing back uping people services during 2006-2007. The Homelessness Act ( 2002 ) changes significantly the manner in which homeless in England and Wales is tackled. The precedence demand classs was extended to includes 16/17 old ages instead those who societal services are responsible for suiting, care- departers under the age of 21 who were looked after by societal services when they were 16/1 7 and ex- captives, former soldiers and immature people go forthing attention. This act besides introduces greater flexibleness with respects to societal lodging allotment giving more people the right to be considered for a council or lodging place. The local governments had a statutory responsibility to care for all the stateless people but no excess resources were added. This had a great impact on the figure of stateless people who were able to relocate for good at a given clip and particularly those under precedence demand. Young people sing break or injury during childhood who may be from socio-economic background are at increased hazard of homelessness. The chief trigger for young person homelessness is relationship breakdown normally parents or step-parent. Among the impact of homeless on immature people is hapless wellness as they can non take attention of their wellness being. They lack basic nutrient and shelter to assist them turn to go healthy grownups and they may endure from depression. Homelessness can take to increased degrees of non- engagement in formal instruction, preparation or employment. At times go forthing school early without a making and a nice occupation may take some immature people into the abuse of drugs and some have mental wellness jobs. Another homeless group of concern is the unsmooth slumberers who were in impermanent adjustment but some choose to roll the streets, kiping unsmooth free from the restraints of belongings and ownerships. But a big bulk has no such want at all but they have been pushed over the border into homelessness by factors beyond their control. Once they find themselves without a lasting home, their lives sometimes deteriorate into a spiral of adversity and want. ( Giddens 2009:503 ) The Homelessness Act 2002 extended the definition of the precedence need to include new groups of vulnerable people, and demand that all stateless people receive advice and aid. In add-on, Local Authorities are requires to sporadically develop homeless schemes, including an appraisal of degrees of homelessness and behavior an audit of those kiping unsmooth. In 1998 there were about 1,850 people kiping rough on the street of England on any one dark. This follows on from the authorities thrust to cut down rough sleeping by two-thirds in 2002. The Rough Sleeper Unit was set up in April 1999 to take the lead on presenting this disputing new mark and assist 1000s of people to get away fro good from the humiliation and wretchedness of life under a cover in a store room access. One of the cardinal principal of the scheme was to understand the cause of unsmooth sleeping, why people end up on the street and what could be done to halt this from happing in the hereafter. The scheme besides plac e the accent on promoting unsmooth slumberers to go active members of the community, to construct self esteem and convey on endowment every bit good as assisting the person to go prepared for the life off from the street. Positive consequence shortly follows as decreases in unsmooth sleeping were achieves around the state in December 2001 the mark set by the authorities was met in front of clip. The mark was met amid the contention about how unsmooth slumberers were counted and concern about the accent on street homelessness, which candidates claimed was merely tip of the homelessness iceberg. Harmonizing to BBC New Magazine, lodging curate Grant Shapps believes that the authorities figures on the count of unsmooth slumberer is low and the system of numeration is flawed. He argues that, under old authorities A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s system, councils with fewer than 10 unsmooth slumberers were non obliged to number them, and that drifters sitting up in kiping bags were non counted as homeless. After Mr. Shapps insisted that councils provide estimations, the England broad figure rose to 1,247, this comprised 440 from 70 governments that count and 807 from 256 governments that provided estimations. Despite authorities investing in inns to suit unsmooth slumberers many are on waiting list as resources and funding is limited. Overcrowding, deficiency of bed infinite and sharing suites or limited installations with others are besides identified as a job particularly if you have a spouse or a Canis familiaris, your picks narrow well. Although the quality of inns has improved well, inns are frequently considered insecure. Over 57 per centum of those who stayed in inns mentioned jobs with other occupants, including drug and intoxicant usage, force, larceny, bulling, noise and statements. And some are of the position that it is non a topographic point to travel if you want to remain clean of drugs. Peoples are under the same statute law and the local governments are unable to for good house all in precedence demand. In add-on to the above, there are certain groups who are excluded from inns, such as people from the EU and refuge searchers from non-EU states who are stateless and destitute in the street of the UK. Their entitlement to benefits is restricted until they have lived and worked and paid into the UK system through national Insurance and revenue enhancement for one twelvemonth continuously. Such Torahs bring about societal exclusion as street homeless people have reduced entree to wellness attention and dental services. They face favoritism and general rejection from other people and may hold increased hazard to enduring from force and maltreatment. The impact of unsmooth sleeping is limited entree to instruction, non being seen as suited for employment and loss of usual relationship with the mainstream. Most of all, populating on the streets is unsafe as unsmooth slumberers die immature with the mean life anticipation at 42. Inequalities among the population still remain one factor of homelessness. Denationalization and residualisation of the council lodging meant that fewer houses are available for council renter. This imposes greater long term hazards on the former council renters while besides bring forthing considerable costs for the taxpayer. The procedure besides excludes the many renters who either reject transportation or are non given the pick and hence exacerbates inequalities. There are 1.4 million unfit place in England as the bulk of householders are in the private sector. The addition of lodging association rents and additions in house monetary values means most people can non afford a nice adjustment. Low income households are the most affected as 4 million people having lodging benefit. ( Quilgars D. et al 2008 ) In decision, the job of homelessness has been tackled by the authoritiess over the old ages through policies and statute law. However, the job require long term policy solutions such as alterations in the benefit system, the edifice of more low-cost places and guaranting that a wider cross- subdivision of society benefits from the fruits of economic growing. For many people, there is no individual event that consequences in sudden homelessness ; alternatively homelessness is due to a figure of unsolved jobs outlined above edifice up over clip. The accomplishment of one authorities policy on unsmooth slumberers indicates much could be done to cut down the impact of homelessness as the figure still rises. Curates are now concentrating on the bar of unsmooth slumberer and young person homelessness through a new authorities homelessness scheme.

Shakira (2pages) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Shakira (2pages) - Research Paper Example She is known worldwide for her art of singing, dancing and writing that makes her one of the most liked artists of the world. (Shakira Espanol, 2011). The flavour that she adds to the parties and attraction that people feel in her singing performances, shall be elaborated upon in paragraphs to follows. Shakira was born in Barranquilla, Colombia. Her father was a jeweller. Her mother chose many names for her but finally Shakira was agreed upon. Shakira means â€Å"thankful† in Arabic language. Shakira’s father took great care to groom his daughter for future challenges.Shakira started reading things at the age of three. She started belly dance at the age of four without taking guidance from anybody. She was abit weak in studies and was mostly found absentminded.(Shakira Espanol, 2011) Her work in the fields of music and dance was always highly appreciated in Latin America. She got her numerous albums recorded in the early age and got fame worldwide. She has the mastery o f singing and writing in Spanish and American. (Shakira Espanol, 2011) Shakira has been gifted with a very pleasant personality. Her charming face is the main cause of her success. Whenever she is addressing the audience or speaking to the camera, she is always smiling. She conveys very romantic feelings to audience during singing and belly dance to amuse the people.